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Research and optimization of sport utility vehicle aerodynamic design
Authors:
Vu Hai Quan1
1School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Ha Noi University of Industry (HaUI), Ha Noi 100000,
Vietnam
Received: 29 March 2024
Revised: 13 June 2024
Accepted: 26 June 2024
Published: 30 June 2024
Abstract:
Drag and lift are two important parameters to evaluate a vehicle’s aerodynamic performance. Aerodynamic resistance (drag force Fd) prevents the movement of the vehicle and has a value proportional to the square of the velocity. That is, when the speed increases twice, the aerodynamic drag will increase fourfold. This article presents a plan to design a sport utility vehicle model with improved aerodynamics by using Ansys Fluent software to analyze pressure distribution areas that affect aerodynamics and the body. Based on the results obtained, the areas of stress and maximum pressure concentration have been identified. From this, a plan to improve the vehicle’s exterior design has been proposed. After many iterations of the design and model optimization process, the aerodynamic drag coefficient CD was reduced by 3.06% compared to the original model. The revised design option is equipped with an airflow diffuser under the vehicle; the lifting resistance coefficient has been reduced from 0.0902 to 0.038, equivalent to 58.2%. The new proposed design of the model has reduced the vehicle’s frontal drag by 2.04%. The research results have determined the aerodynamic coefficients CD and CL of the model car. Based on the results received, it is possible to compare them with the manufacturer’s announced parameters and propose new design options that still ensure aesthetics.
Keywords:
Aerodynamic Drag, Coefficient of Drag, CFD, Concept Car, NX, Ansys Fluent
References:
[1] R.C. Das, M. Riyad, CFD analysis of passenger vehicle at various angle of rear end spoiler. Procedia engineering, 194, 2017: 160-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.130
[2] S. Srinivasarao, V. Lakshamaih, CFD Research on Car Body. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 8(2S3), 2019: 1178-1180. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1218.0782S319
[3] R. Tarakka, N. Salam, Jalaluddin, W. Rauf, M. Ihsan, Aerodynamic drag reduction on the application of suction flow control on vehicle model with varied upstream velocity. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1173, 2021: 012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1173/1/01204
[4] L. Sterken, S. Sebben, L. Löfdahl, Numerical implementation of detached-eddy simulation on a passenger vehicle and some experimental correlation. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 138(9), 2016: 091105.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4033296
[5] V. Sirenko, R. Pavlovs’ky, U.S. Rohatgi, Methods of reducing vehicle aerodynamic drag. Proceedings of the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels, Vol.1, USA, 8-12 July 2012, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico, pp.97-102.
https://doi.org/10.1115/FEDSM2012-72491
[6] Y.A. Brown, S. Windsor, A.P. Gaylard, The effect of base bleed and rear cavities on the drag of an SUV. SAE Technical Paper, 2010: 2010-01-0512. https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0512
[7] J. Pitman, A. Gaylard, An experimental investigation into the flow mechanisms around an SUV in open and closed cooling air conditions. Progress in Vehicle Aerodynamics and Thermal Management. FKFS 2017. Springer, Cham, 2018: 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67822-1_4
[8] A. Altinisik, E. Kutukceken, H. Umur, Experimental and numerical aerodynamic analysis of a passenger car: Influence of the blockage ratio on drag coefficient. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 137(8), 2015: 081104. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4030183
[9] S.-O. Kang, S.-O. Jun, H.-I. Park, K.S. Song, J.D. Kee, K.H. Kim, D.H. Lee, Actively translating a rear diffuser device for the aerodynamic drag reduction of a passenger car. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 13, 2012:583-592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-012-0056-x
[10] A. Wood, M. Passmore, D. Forbes, D. Wood, A. Gaylard, Base pressure and flow-field measurements on a generic SUV model. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars- Mechanical Systems, 8(1), 2015: 233-241. https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1546
[11] K.S. Song, S.O. Kang, S.O. Jun, H.I. Park, J.D. Kee, K.H. Kim, D.H. Lee, Aerodynamic design optimization of rear body shapes of a sedan for drag reduction. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 13, 2012: 905-914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-012-0091-7
[12] H. Harinaldi, B. Budiarso, W. Warjito, E.A. Kosasih, R. Tarakka, S.P. Simanungkalit, L. Teryanto, I.G.M. Fredy, Modification of flow structure over a van model by suction flow control to reduce aerodynamics drag. Makara Journal of Technology, 16(1), 2012: 3. https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v16i1.1021
[13] W. Kim, J. Noh, J. Lee, Effects of vehicle type and inter-vehicle distance on aerodynamic characteristics during vehicle platooning. Applied Sciences, 11(9), 2021: 4096. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094096
[14] T. Skrucany, B. Sarkan, J. Gnap, Influence of aerodynamic trailer devices on drag reduction measured in a wind tunnel. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability, 18(1), 2016: 151-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ein.2016.1.20
[15] A. Al-Saadi, K. Al-Farhany, K.K.I. Al-Chlaihawi, W. Jamshed, M.R. Eid, E.S.M. Tag El Din, Z. Raizah, Improvement of the aerodynamic behavior of a sport utility vehicle numerically by using some modifications and aerodynamic devices. Scientific Reports, 12, 2022: 20272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24328-w
[16] A. Rehmat, Fayyaz, S. Bashmal, M. Sharif, S. Khan, Numerical modeling of the shape optimization for a commercial car by decreasing drag and increasing stability. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48, 2023: 12427-12437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07834-5
[17] C. Erdem, Y. Eulalie, P. Gilotte, S. Harries, C.N. Nayeri, Aerodynamic Optimization of a Reduced Scale Model of a Ground Vehicle with a Shape Morphing Technique. Fluids, 7(5), 2022: 166.
https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7050166
[18] T. Skrucany, S. Semanova, S. Milojević, A. Ašonja, New technologies improving aerodynamic properties of freight vehicles. Applied Engineering Letters, 4(2), 2019: 48-54.
https://doi.org/10.18485/aeletters.2019.4.2.2
[19] S. Piratla, Evaluating the aerodynamics of different passenger vehicle configurations. TechRxiv, 21, 2023. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.24139254.v1
[20] J. Wang, H. Li, Y. Liu, T. Liu, H. Gao, Aerodynamic research of a racing car based on wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics. MATEC Web of Conferences, 153, 2018: 04011.
https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815304011
[21] A. Dewan, k–ε and Other Two Equations Models. In: Tackling Turbulent Flows in Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011: 59-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14767-8_6
[22] Y. Gan. L. Li, Optimization of Aerodynamic Profile of Ground Vehicle. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2569, 2023: 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2569/1/012068
[23] P.A. Tuan, V.D. Quang, Estimation of car air resistance by CFD method. Vietnam Journal of Mechanics, 36(3), 2014: 235-244. https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/36/3/4176
[24] CD and CAFE Standards. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/2023-07/CAFE-2027-2032-HDPUV-2030-2035-NPRM-web-version.pdf (Accessed: 15 March 2024).
[25] Euro Standard. European European Union standardisation. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/european-union-standardisation.html (Accessed: 15 March 2024).
[26] JIS Standards. Japanese Industrial Standards – JIS. https://www.jisc.go.jp/index.html (Accessed: 15 March 2024).
[27] V.D. Bhise, S. Sethumadhavan, Predicting Effects of Veiling Glare Caused by Instrument Panel Reflections in the Windshields. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars- Electronic and Electrical Systems, 1(1), 2009: 275-281. https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0666
© 2024 by the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Volume 9
Number 3
September 2024
Last Edition
Volume 9
Number 3
September 2024
How to Cite
V.H. Quan, Research and Optimization of Sport Utility Vehicle Aerodynamic Design. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), 2024: 105-115.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.5
More Citation Formats
Quan, V.H. (2024). Research and Optimization of Sport Utility Vehicle Aerodynamic Design. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), 105-115.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.5
Quan, Vu Hai, “Research and Optimization of Sport Utility Vehicle Aerodynamic Design.“ Applied Engineering Letters, vol. 9, no. 2, 2024, pp. 105-115.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.5
Quan, Vu Hai, 2024. “Research and Optimization of Sport Utility Vehicle Aerodynamic Design.“ Applied Engineering Letters, 9 (2):105-115.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.5
Quan, V.H. (2024). Research and Optimization of Sport Utility Vehicle Aerodynamic Design. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), pp. 105-115.
doi: 10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.5.
Research and optimization of sport utility vehicle aerodynamic design
Authors:
Vu Hai Quan1
1School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Ha Noi University of Industry (HaUI), Ha Noi 100000,
Vietnam
Received: 29 March 2024
Revised: 13 June 2024
Accepted: 26 June 2024
Published: 30 June 2024
Abstract:
Drag and lift are two important parameters to evaluate a vehicle’s aerodynamic performance. Aerodynamic resistance (drag force Fd) prevents the movement of the vehicle and has a value proportional to the square of the velocity. That is, when the speed increases twice, the aerodynamic drag will increase fourfold. This article presents a plan to design a sport utility vehicle model with improved aerodynamics by using Ansys Fluent software to analyze pressure distribution areas that affect aerodynamics and the body. Based on the results obtained, the areas of stress and maximum pressure concentration have been identified. From this, a plan to improve the vehicle’s exterior design has been proposed. After many iterations of the design and model optimization process, the aerodynamic drag coefficient CD was reduced by 3.06% compared to the original model. The revised design option is equipped with an airflow diffuser under the vehicle; the lifting resistance coefficient has been reduced from 0.0902 to 0.038, equivalent to 58.2%. The new proposed design of the model has reduced the vehicle’s frontal drag by 2.04%. The research results have determined the aerodynamic coefficients CD and CL of the model car. Based on the results received, it is possible to compare them with the manufacturer’s announced parameters and propose new design options that still ensure aesthetics.
Keywords:
Aerodynamic Drag, Coefficient of Drag, CFD, Concept Car, NX, Ansys Fluent
References:
[1] R.C. Das, M. Riyad, CFD analysis of passenger vehicle at various angle of rear end spoiler. Procedia engineering, 194, 2017: 160-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.130
[2] S. Srinivasarao, V. Lakshamaih, CFD Research on Car Body. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 8(2S3), 2019: 1178-1180. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1218.0782S319
[3] R. Tarakka, N. Salam, Jalaluddin, W. Rauf, M. Ihsan, Aerodynamic drag reduction on the application of suction flow control on vehicle model with varied upstream velocity. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1173, 2021: 012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1173/1/01204
[4] L. Sterken, S. Sebben, L. Löfdahl, Numerical implementation of detached-eddy simulation on a passenger vehicle and some experimental correlation. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 138(9), 2016: 091105.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4033296
[5] V. Sirenko, R. Pavlovs’ky, U.S. Rohatgi, Methods of reducing vehicle aerodynamic drag. Proceedings of the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels, Vol.1, USA, 8-12 July 2012, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico, pp.97-102.
https://doi.org/10.1115/FEDSM2012-72491
[6] Y.A. Brown, S. Windsor, A.P. Gaylard, The effect of base bleed and rear cavities on the drag of an SUV. SAE Technical Paper, 2010: 2010-01-0512. https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0512
[7] J. Pitman, A. Gaylard, An experimental investigation into the flow mechanisms around an SUV in open and closed cooling air conditions. Progress in Vehicle Aerodynamics and Thermal Management. FKFS 2017. Springer, Cham, 2018: 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67822-1_4
[8] A. Altinisik, E. Kutukceken, H. Umur, Experimental and numerical aerodynamic analysis of a passenger car: Influence of the blockage ratio on drag coefficient. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 137(8), 2015: 081104. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4030183
[9] S.-O. Kang, S.-O. Jun, H.-I. Park, K.S. Song, J.D. Kee, K.H. Kim, D.H. Lee, Actively translating a rear diffuser device for the aerodynamic drag reduction of a passenger car. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 13, 2012:583-592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-012-0056-x
[10] A. Wood, M. Passmore, D. Forbes, D. Wood, A. Gaylard, Base pressure and flow-field measurements on a generic SUV model. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars- Mechanical Systems, 8(1), 2015: 233-241. https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1546
[11] K.S. Song, S.O. Kang, S.O. Jun, H.I. Park, J.D. Kee, K.H. Kim, D.H. Lee, Aerodynamic design optimization of rear body shapes of a sedan for drag reduction. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 13, 2012: 905-914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-012-0091-7
[12] H. Harinaldi, B. Budiarso, W. Warjito, E.A. Kosasih, R. Tarakka, S.P. Simanungkalit, L. Teryanto, I.G.M. Fredy, Modification of flow structure over a van model by suction flow control to reduce aerodynamics drag. Makara Journal of Technology, 16(1), 2012: 3. https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v16i1.1021
[13] W. Kim, J. Noh, J. Lee, Effects of vehicle type and inter-vehicle distance on aerodynamic characteristics during vehicle platooning. Applied Sciences, 11(9), 2021: 4096. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094096
[14] T. Skrucany, B. Sarkan, J. Gnap, Influence of aerodynamic trailer devices on drag reduction measured in a wind tunnel. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability, 18(1), 2016: 151-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ein.2016.1.20
[15] A. Al-Saadi, K. Al-Farhany, K.K.I. Al-Chlaihawi, W. Jamshed, M.R. Eid, E.S.M. Tag El Din, Z. Raizah, Improvement of the aerodynamic behavior of a sport utility vehicle numerically by using some modifications and aerodynamic devices. Scientific Reports, 12, 2022: 20272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24328-w
[16] A. Rehmat, Fayyaz, S. Bashmal, M. Sharif, S. Khan, Numerical modeling of the shape optimization for a commercial car by decreasing drag and increasing stability. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48, 2023: 12427-12437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07834-5
[17] C. Erdem, Y. Eulalie, P. Gilotte, S. Harries, C.N. Nayeri, Aerodynamic Optimization of a Reduced Scale Model of a Ground Vehicle with a Shape Morphing Technique. Fluids, 7(5), 2022: 166.
https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7050166
[18] T. Skrucany, S. Semanova, S. Milojević, A. Ašonja, New technologies improving aerodynamic properties of freight vehicles. Applied Engineering Letters, 4(2), 2019: 48-54.
https://doi.org/10.18485/aeletters.2019.4.2.2
[19] S. Piratla, Evaluating the aerodynamics of different passenger vehicle configurations. TechRxiv, 21, 2023. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.24139254.v1
[20] J. Wang, H. Li, Y. Liu, T. Liu, H. Gao, Aerodynamic research of a racing car based on wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics. MATEC Web of Conferences, 153, 2018: 04011.
https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815304011
[21] A. Dewan, k–ε and Other Two Equations Models. In: Tackling Turbulent Flows in Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011: 59-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14767-8_6
[22] Y. Gan. L. Li, Optimization of Aerodynamic Profile of Ground Vehicle. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2569, 2023: 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2569/1/012068
[23] P.A. Tuan, V.D. Quang, Estimation of car air resistance by CFD method. Vietnam Journal of Mechanics, 36(3), 2014: 235-244. https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/36/3/4176
[24] CD and CAFE Standards. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/2023-07/CAFE-2027-2032-HDPUV-2030-2035-NPRM-web-version.pdf (Accessed: 15 March 2024).
[25] Euro Standard. European European Union standardisation. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/european-union-standardisation.html (Accessed: 15 March 2024).
[26] JIS Standards. Japanese Industrial Standards – JIS. https://www.jisc.go.jp/index.html (Accessed: 15 March 2024).
[27] V.D. Bhise, S. Sethumadhavan, Predicting Effects of Veiling Glare Caused by Instrument Panel Reflections in the Windshields. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars- Electronic and Electrical Systems, 1(1), 2009: 275-281. https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0666
© 2024 by the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Volume 9
Number 3
September 2024
Last Edition
Volume 9
Number 3
September 2024
How to Cite
V.H. Quan, Research and Optimization of Sport Utility Vehicle Aerodynamic Design. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), 2024: 105-115.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.5
More Citation Formats
Quan, V.H. (2024). Research and Optimization of Sport Utility Vehicle Aerodynamic Design. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), 105-115.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.5
Quan, Vu Hai, “Research and Optimization of Sport Utility Vehicle Aerodynamic Design.“ Applied Engineering Letters, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 2024, 105-115.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.5
Quan, Vu Hai, 2024. “Research and Optimization of Sport Utility Vehicle Aerodynamic Design.“ Applied Engineering Letters, 9 (2):105-115.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.5
Quan, V.H. (2024). Research and Optimization of Sport Utility Vehicle Aerodynamic Design. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), pp. 105-115.
doi: 10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.5.