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Analysis of stress corrosion cracking of heterogeneous welded joints in simulated primary water environment
Authors:
Marek Kudláč1
,
Mária Dománková1
,
Peter Brziak2
,
Alena Košinová2
,
Matúš Gavalec1
,
Katarína Bártová1
1Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu 2781/25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
2Research and Development Division of Welding Technologies and Equipment, Welding Research Institute, Račianska 1523, 831 02 Nové Mesto, Bratislava, Slovakia
Received: 9 March 2024
Revised: 19 Apil 2024
Accepted: 20 May 2024
Published: 30 June 2024
Abstract:
The paper deals with the stress corrosion cracking of heterogeneous welded joints. The welded joints were made of austenitic base metal (AISI 321) and ferritic weld metal by arc welding. Two methods were used to analyze the stress corrosion cracking of samples of this type of welded joint. The first method was a slow strain rate test (SSRT) using a tabletop device at a temperature of 60°C with a graded strain rate for three specimens (10−5, 10−6, and 10−7 1/s). The second method was exposure in a corrosion autoclave at a temperature of 270°C and pressure of 12.26 N/mm2, while prestressing devices were used to achieve the prestressing at the level of yield strength and 3% plastic deformation. One specimen was bent to 60°. Boric acid solutions were used as the medium, which was supposed to simulate the environment of the primary circuit of nuclear power plants, a type of water-water energetic reactor. The surface and the presence of corrosion products, cracks, fractures, or pits on specimens were monitored using scanning electron microscopy, stereomicroscopy, confocal microscopy, and light microscopy. A gravimetric analysis was performed, as well, to determine the corrosion rate after exposure to the autoclave.
Keywords:
Stress corrosion cracking, Welded joints, Autoclave, Corrosion, Primary water
References:
[1] O. Matal, H. Šen, Nuclear facilities and their safety. University of Technology, Brno, 2016.
[2] P. Pedeferri, Corrosion Science and Engineering. Springer, Milan, 2018.
[3] M. Wang, L. Chen, X. Liu, X. Ma, Influence of thermal aging on the SCC susceptibility of wrought 316LN stainless steel in a high temperature water environment. Corrosion Science, 81, 2014: 1488-1518.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.12.011
[4] D. Tice, Contribution of research to the understanding and mitigation of environmentally assisted cracking in structural components of light water reactors. Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 53(1),2017: 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478422X.2017.1362158
[5] Y. Sun, H. Xue, K. Zhao, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, W. Yan, R. Bashir, Cracking Driving Force at the Tip of SCC under Heterogeneous Material Mechanics Model of Safe-End Dissimilar Metal-Welded Joints in PWR. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations, 2022, 2022: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6605101
[6] S. Lozano-Perez, J. Dohr, M. Meisnar, K. Kruska, SCC in PWRs: Learning from a Bottom- Up Approach. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions E, 1, 2014: 194-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40553-0140020-y
[7] D.A. Jones, Principles and prevention of corrosion. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996.
[8] L. Dong, Q. Peng, E.-H. Han, W. Ke, L. Wang, Stress corrosion cracking in the heat affected zone of a stainless steel 308L-316L weld joint in primary water. Corrosion Science, 107, 2016: 172-181.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.02.030
[9] H.J. Qu, J.P. Wharry, Nanoindentation Investigation of Chloride-Induced Stress Corrosion Crack Propagation is an Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld. Metals, 12(8), 2022: 1243.
https://doi.org/10.3390/met12081243
[10] S. Weng, Y. Huang, F. Xuan, F. Yang, Pit evolution around the fusion line of a NiCrMoV steel welded joint caused by galvanic and stress-assisted coupling corrosion. RSC Advances, 8, 2018: 3399-3409.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA11837F
[11] K.Q. Zhang, Z.M. Tang, S.L. Hu, P.Z. Zhang, Effect of cold work and slow strain rate on 321SS stress corrosion cracking in abnormal conditions of simulated PWR primary environment. Nuclear Materials and Energy, 20, 2019: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2019.100697
[12] Z. Shen, D. Du, L. Zhang, S. Lozano-Perez, An insight into PWR primary water SCC machanisms by comparing surface and crack oxidation. Corrosion Science, 148, 2019: 213-227.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.12.020
[13] D.L. Olson, A.N. Lasseigne, M. Marya, B. Mishra, G. Castro, Materials Science Aspects of Weld Corrosion. Proc. of International Conference on Welding and Joining of Materials, 27-29 October 2003, Lima, Peru.
[14] M. Henthorne, The Slow Strain Rate Stress Corrosion Cracking Test – A 50 Year Retrospective. Corrosion, 72(12), 2016: 1488- 1518. https://doi.org/10.5006/2137
[15] E.A. Krivonosova, A Review of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Welded Stainless Steels. Open Access Library Journal, 5, 2018: e4568. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104568
[16] A. Guzanová, J. Brezinová, J. Viňáš, J. Koncz, Determination of the corrosion rate of weld joints realized by MAG technology. KOM – Corrosion and Material Protection, 61(1), 2017: 19-24.
https://doi.org/10.1515/kom-2017-0002
[17] B.N. Popov, J.-W. Lee, M.B. Djukic, Chapter 7 – Hydrogen Permeation and Hydrogen-Induced Cracking. Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials (Third Edition). William Andrew Publishing, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-52472-8.00007-1
[18] G.F. Li, J. Congleton, Stress corrosion cracking of low alloy steel to stainless steel transition weld in PWR primary waters at 292°C. Corrosion Science, 42(6), 2000: 1005-1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00131-6
[19] G.F. Li, E.A. Charles, J. Congleton, Effect of post weld heat treatment on stress corrosion cracking of a low alloy steel to stainless steel transition weld. Corrosion Science, 43(10), 2001: 1963-1983.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00182-7
[20] M. Ragavendran, A. Toppo, M. Vasudevan, SCC behaviour of laser and hybrid laser welded stainless steel weld joints. Materials Science and Technology, 38(5), 2022: 281-298.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2022.2043027
[21] J. Labanowski, Stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of dissimilar stainless steels welded joints. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 20(1-2), 2007: 255-258.
[22] J.R. Davis, Corrosion of Weldments. ASM International, Cleveland, 2006.
[23] W.-C. Chung, J.-Y. Huang, L.-W. Tsay, C. Chen, Microstructure and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of the Weld Metal in Alloy 52-A508 Dissimilar Welds. Materials Transactions, 52(1), 2011: 12-19.
https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.M2010294
[24] Y. Huang, W. Wu, S. Cong, G. Ran, D. Cen, N. Li, Stress Corrosion Behaviors of 316LN Stainless Steel in a Simulated PWR Primary Water Environment. Materials, 11(9), 2018:1509.
https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fma11091509
[25] T.G. Gooch, Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ferritic Steel Weld Metal – the Effect of Nickel. Metal Construction, 14(1), 1982: 29-33.
[26] H. Husby, P. Wagstaff, M. Iannuzzi, R. Johnsen, M. Kappes, Effect of Nickel on the Hydrogen Stress Cracking Resistance of Ferritic/Pearlitic Low Alloy Steels. Corrosion, 74(7), 2018: 801-818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2724
[27] A. Contreras, M. Salazar, A. Albiter, R. Galván, O. Vega, Arc Welding: Assessment of Stress Corrosion Cracking on Pipeline Steels Weldments Used in the Petroleum Industry by Slow Strain Rate Tests. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/26569
[28] H. Park, C. Park, J. Lee, H. Nam, B. Moon, Y. Moon, N. Kang, Microstructural aspects of hydrogen stress cracking in seawater for low carbon steel welds produced by flux-cored arc welding. Materials Science & Engineering, 820, 2021: 141568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141568
[29] J. Liu, M. Zhao, L. Rong, Overview of hydrogen-resistant alloys for high-pressure hydrogen environment: on the hydrogen energy structural materials. Clean Energy, 7(1), 2023: 99-115.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkad009
[30] A. Sinjlawi, J. Chen, H.-S. Kim, H. B. Lee, C. Jang, S. Lee, Role of residual ferrites on crevice SCC of austenitic stainless steels in PWR water with high-dissolved oxygen. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 52(11), 2020: 2552-2564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2020.04.023
[31] O. Raquet, E. Herms, F. Vaillant, T. Couvant, J.M. Boursier, 6 – Effect of cold work hardening on stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels in primary water of pressurized water reactors. Corrosion Issues in Light Water Reactor. Woodhead Publishing, 2007: 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845693466.2.76
[32] J. Hodač, V. Veselý, Dissimilar weld joint corrosion in simulated boiler water environment. KOM – Corrosion and Material Protection Journal, 66(1), 2022: 16-19. https://doi.org/10.2478/kom-2022-0003
[33] G.B. Li, H. Xue, Y.Q. Bi, L. Zhang, Study on the Rate of Elastic-plastic Crack Propagation of Heterogeneous Metal Welded Joints in Nuclear Power. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 751, 2020: 012063. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/751/1/012063
[34] Y. Zhang, H. Xue, S. Zhang, S. Wang, Y. Sun, Y. Zhang, Y. Yang, Interaction of Mechanical Heterogeneity and Residual Stress on Mechanical Field at Crack Tips in DMWJs. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations, 2022, 2022: 7462200. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7462200
© 2024 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Volume 9
Number 3
September 2024
Last Edition
Volume 9
Number 3
September 2024
How to Cite
M. Kudláč, M. Dománková, P. Brziak, A. Košinová, M. Gavalec, K. Bártová, Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Heterogeneous Welded Joints in Simulated Primary Water Environment. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), 2024: 76-84.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.2
More Citation Formats
Kudláč, M., Dománková, M., Brziak, P., Košinová, A., Gavalec, M., & Bártová, K. (2024). Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Heterogeneous Welded Joints in Simulated Primary Water Environment. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), 76-84.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.2
Kudláč, Marek, et al. “Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Heterogeneous Welded Joints in Simulated Primary Water Environment.“ Applied Engineering Letters, vol. 9, no. 2, 2024, pp. 76-84.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.2
Kudláč, Marek, Mária Dománková, Peter Brziak, Alena Košinová, Matúš Gavalec, and Katarína Bártov. 2024. “Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Heterogeneous Welded Joints in Simulated Primary Water Environment.“ Applied Engineering Letters, 9 (2): 76-84.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.2
Kudláč, M., Dománková, M., Brziak, P., Košinová, A., Gavalec, M. and Bártová, K. (2024). Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Heterogeneous Welded Joints in Simulated Primary Water Environment. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), pp. 76-84.
doi: 10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.2.
Analysis of stress corrosion cracking of heterogeneous welded joints in simulated primary water environment
Authors:
Marek Kudláč1
,
Mária Dománková1
,
Peter Brziak2
,
Alena Košinová2
,
Matúš Gavalec1
,
Katarína Bártová1
1Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu 2781/25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
2Research and Development Division of Welding Technologies and Equipment, Welding Research Institute, Račianska 1523, 831 02 Nové Mesto, Bratislava, Slovakia
Received: 9 March 2024
Revised: 19 Apil 2024
Accepted: 20 May 2024
Published: 30 June 2024
Abstract:
The paper deals with the stress corrosion cracking of heterogeneous welded joints. The welded joints were made of austenitic base metal (AISI 321) and ferritic weld metal by arc welding. Two methods were used to analyze the stress corrosion cracking of samples of this type of welded joint. The first method was a slow strain rate test (SSRT) using a tabletop device at a temperature of 60°C with a graded strain rate for three specimens (10−5, 10−6, and 10−7 1/s). The second method was exposure in a corrosion autoclave at a temperature of 270°C and pressure of 12.26 N/mm2, while prestressing devices were used to achieve the prestressing at the level of yield strength and 3% plastic deformation. One specimen was bent to 60°. Boric acid solutions were used as the medium, which was supposed to simulate the environment of the primary circuit of nuclear power plants, a type of water-water energetic reactor. The surface and the presence of corrosion products, cracks, fractures, or pits on specimens were monitored using scanning electron microscopy, stereomicroscopy, confocal microscopy, and light microscopy. A gravimetric analysis was performed, as well, to determine the corrosion rate after exposure to the autoclave.
Keywords:
Stress corrosion cracking, Welded joints, Autoclave, Corrosion, Primary water
References:
[1] O. Matal, H. Šen, Nuclear facilities and their safety. University of Technology, Brno, 2016.
[2] P. Pedeferri, Corrosion Science and Engineering. Springer, Milan, 2018.
[3] M. Wang, L. Chen, X. Liu, X. Ma, Influence of thermal aging on the SCC susceptibility of wrought 316LN stainless steel in a high temperature water environment. Corrosion Science, 81, 2014: 1488-1518.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.12.011
[4] D. Tice, Contribution of research to the understanding and mitigation of environmentally assisted cracking in structural components of light water reactors. Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 53(1),2017: 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478422X.2017.1362158
[5] Y. Sun, H. Xue, K. Zhao, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, W. Yan, R. Bashir, Cracking Driving Force at the Tip of SCC under Heterogeneous Material Mechanics Model of Safe-End Dissimilar Metal-Welded Joints in PWR. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations, 2022, 2022: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6605101
[6] S. Lozano-Perez, J. Dohr, M. Meisnar, K. Kruska, SCC in PWRs: Learning from a Bottom- Up Approach. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions E, 1, 2014: 194-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40553-0140020-y
[7] D.A. Jones, Principles and prevention of corrosion. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996.
[8] L. Dong, Q. Peng, E.-H. Han, W. Ke, L. Wang, Stress corrosion cracking in the heat affected zone of a stainless steel 308L-316L weld joint in primary water. Corrosion Science, 107, 2016: 172-181.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.02.030
[9] H.J. Qu, J.P. Wharry, Nanoindentation Investigation of Chloride-Induced Stress Corrosion Crack Propagation is an Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld. Metals, 12(8), 2022: 1243.
https://doi.org/10.3390/met12081243
[10] S. Weng, Y. Huang, F. Xuan, F. Yang, Pit evolution around the fusion line of a NiCrMoV steel welded joint caused by galvanic and stress-assisted coupling corrosion. RSC Advances, 8, 2018: 3399-3409.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA11837F
[11] K.Q. Zhang, Z.M. Tang, S.L. Hu, P.Z. Zhang, Effect of cold work and slow strain rate on 321SS stress corrosion cracking in abnormal conditions of simulated PWR primary environment. Nuclear Materials and Energy, 20, 2019: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2019.100697
[12] Z. Shen, D. Du, L. Zhang, S. Lozano-Perez, An insight into PWR primary water SCC machanisms by comparing surface and crack oxidation. Corrosion Science, 148, 2019: 213-227.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.12.020
[13] D.L. Olson, A.N. Lasseigne, M. Marya, B. Mishra, G. Castro, Materials Science Aspects of Weld Corrosion. Proc. of International Conference on Welding and Joining of Materials, 27-29 October 2003, Lima, Peru.
[14] M. Henthorne, The Slow Strain Rate Stress Corrosion Cracking Test – A 50 Year Retrospective. Corrosion, 72(12), 2016: 1488- 1518. https://doi.org/10.5006/2137
[15] E.A. Krivonosova, A Review of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Welded Stainless Steels. Open Access Library Journal, 5, 2018: e4568. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104568
[16] A. Guzanová, J. Brezinová, J. Viňáš, J. Koncz, Determination of the corrosion rate of weld joints realized by MAG technology. KOM – Corrosion and Material Protection, 61(1), 2017: 19-24.
https://doi.org/10.1515/kom-2017-0002
[17] B.N. Popov, J.-W. Lee, M.B. Djukic, Chapter 7 – Hydrogen Permeation and Hydrogen-Induced Cracking. Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials (Third Edition). William Andrew Publishing, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-52472-8.00007-1
[18] G.F. Li, J. Congleton, Stress corrosion cracking of low alloy steel to stainless steel transition weld in PWR primary waters at 292°C. Corrosion Science, 42(6), 2000: 1005-1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00131-6
[19] G.F. Li, E.A. Charles, J. Congleton, Effect of post weld heat treatment on stress corrosion cracking of a low alloy steel to stainless steel transition weld. Corrosion Science, 43(10), 2001: 1963-1983.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00182-7
[20] M. Ragavendran, A. Toppo, M. Vasudevan, SCC behaviour of laser and hybrid laser welded stainless steel weld joints. Materials Science and Technology, 38(5), 2022: 281-298.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2022.2043027
[21] J. Labanowski, Stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of dissimilar stainless steels welded joints. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 20(1-2), 2007: 255-258.
[22] J.R. Davis, Corrosion of Weldments. ASM International, Cleveland, 2006.
[23] W.-C. Chung, J.-Y. Huang, L.-W. Tsay, C. Chen, Microstructure and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of the Weld Metal in Alloy 52-A508 Dissimilar Welds. Materials Transactions, 52(1), 2011: 12-19.
https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.M2010294
[24] Y. Huang, W. Wu, S. Cong, G. Ran, D. Cen, N. Li, Stress Corrosion Behaviors of 316LN Stainless Steel in a Simulated PWR Primary Water Environment. Materials, 11(9), 2018:1509.
https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fma11091509
[25] T.G. Gooch, Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ferritic Steel Weld Metal – the Effect of Nickel. Metal Construction, 14(1), 1982: 29-33.
[26] H. Husby, P. Wagstaff, M. Iannuzzi, R. Johnsen, M. Kappes, Effect of Nickel on the Hydrogen Stress Cracking Resistance of Ferritic/Pearlitic Low Alloy Steels. Corrosion, 74(7), 2018: 801-818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2724
[27] A. Contreras, M. Salazar, A. Albiter, R. Galván, O. Vega, Arc Welding: Assessment of Stress Corrosion Cracking on Pipeline Steels Weldments Used in the Petroleum Industry by Slow Strain Rate Tests. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/26569
[28] H. Park, C. Park, J. Lee, H. Nam, B. Moon, Y. Moon, N. Kang, Microstructural aspects of hydrogen stress cracking in seawater for low carbon steel welds produced by flux-cored arc welding. Materials Science & Engineering, 820, 2021: 141568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141568
[29] J. Liu, M. Zhao, L. Rong, Overview of hydrogen-resistant alloys for high-pressure hydrogen environment: on the hydrogen energy structural materials. Clean Energy, 7(1), 2023: 99-115.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkad009
[30] A. Sinjlawi, J. Chen, H.-S. Kim, H. B. Lee, C. Jang, S. Lee, Role of residual ferrites on crevice SCC of austenitic stainless steels in PWR water with high-dissolved oxygen. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 52(11), 2020: 2552-2564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2020.04.023
[31] O. Raquet, E. Herms, F. Vaillant, T. Couvant, J.M. Boursier, 6 – Effect of cold work hardening on stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels in primary water of pressurized water reactors. Corrosion Issues in Light Water Reactor. Woodhead Publishing, 2007: 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845693466.2.76
[32] J. Hodač, V. Veselý, Dissimilar weld joint corrosion in simulated boiler water environment. KOM – Corrosion and Material Protection Journal, 66(1), 2022: 16-19. https://doi.org/10.2478/kom-2022-0003
[33] G.B. Li, H. Xue, Y.Q. Bi, L. Zhang, Study on the Rate of Elastic-plastic Crack Propagation of Heterogeneous Metal Welded Joints in Nuclear Power. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 751, 2020: 012063. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/751/1/012063
[34] Y. Zhang, H. Xue, S. Zhang, S. Wang, Y. Sun, Y. Zhang, Y. Yang, Interaction of Mechanical Heterogeneity and Residual Stress on Mechanical Field at Crack Tips in DMWJs. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations, 2022, 2022: 7462200. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7462200
© 2024 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Volume 9
Number 3
September 2024
Last Edition
Volume 9
Number 3
September 2024
How to Cite
M. Kudláč, M. Dománková, P. Brziak, A. Košinová, M. Gavalec, K. Bártová, Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Heterogeneous Welded Joints in Simulated Primary Water Environment. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), 2024: 76-84.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.2
More Citation Formats
Kudláč, M., Dománková, M., Brziak, P., Košinová, A., Gavalec, M., & Bártová, K. (2024). Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Heterogeneous Welded Joints in Simulated Primary Water Environment. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), 76-84.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.2
Kudláč, Marek, et al. “Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Heterogeneous Welded Joints in Simulated Primary Water Environment.“ Applied Engineering Letters, vol. 9, no. 2, 2024, pp. 76-84.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.2
Kudláč, Marek, Mária Dománková, Peter Brziak, Alena Košinová, Matúš Gavalec, and Katarína Bártov. 2024. “Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Heterogeneous Welded Joints in Simulated Primary Water Environment.“ Applied Engineering Letters, 9 (2): 76-84.
https://doi.org/10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.2
Kudláč, M., Dománková, M., Brziak, P., Košinová, A., Gavalec, M. and Bártová, K. (2024). Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Heterogeneous Welded Joints in Simulated Primary Water Environment. Applied Engineering Letters, 9(2), pp. 76-84.
doi: 10.46793/aeletters.2024.9.2.2.